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Hexagon AB

Company Overview

Business Overview

Hexagon AB is headquartered in Stockholm and listed on Nasdaq Stockholm. It grew by serial acquisition from a metrology core (Brown & Sharpe, Leica Geosystems) into a "digital reality" group spanning sensors, positioning and industrial software. [Synthesis]

Leadership has churned recently. Long-time CEO Ola Rollén was succeeded by Paolo Guglielmini (from late 2022); Guglielmini left in November 2024, with Norbert Hanke as interim CEO; Anders Svensson was announced as President & CEO on 20 January 2025 and took office on 20 July 2025. A new CFO (Enrique Patrickson) was announced to join by July 2026. [Evidence] 10111

Key financials (full-year 2025, as reported — note these figures still include businesses that have since left the group):

  • Operating net sales €5,426.5 million (2024: €5,401.1m), organic growth ~2–3%.
  • Adjusted operating earnings (EBIT1) €1,474.9 million, margin 27.2% (2024: 29.7%).
  • Q4 2025: sales €1,429.2m, organic growth 3%, EBIT1 margin 29.4%.
  • A restructuring programme targets €110 million savings across Hexagon and Octave by end-2026. [Evidence] 1

The 2025–26 break-up (essential context for everything below):

  1. Design & Engineering sold to Cadence. Announced 2 September 2025: Cadence Design Systems agreed to acquire Hexagon's Design & Engineering business — essentially MSC Software (acquired 2017 for $834m) plus later simulation acquisitions including AMendate (2019), Romax, CAEfatigue and CADLM/ODYSSEE — for €2.7 billion (≈US$3.17bn), 70% cash / 30% Cadence stock, with more than 1,100 employees transferring. Completed 23 February 2026. Digimat and ODYSSEE now appear on Cadence's website as Cadence products. Hexagon's own MI software-license schedule names the full transferred perimeter: MSC One/MasterKey licensing plus Actran, Adams, CAEfatigue, Cradle CFD, Digimat, Dytran, Easy5, FTI FormingSuite, Marc, MaterialCenter, MSC Apex, MSC CoSim, MSC Nastran, ODYSSEE, Patran, Romax, SimDesigner, SimManager, Simufact, SimXpert and Virtual Test Drive — i.e. every simulation solver went to Cadence; metrology hardware/software (PC-DMIS etc.), NC/CAM and Nexus stayed at Hexagon. [Evidence] 234618195
  2. Octave spin-off. Hexagon's Asset Lifecycle Intelligence and Safety, Infrastructure & Geospatial divisions, plus ETQ (quality management, from MI) and Bricsys, were separated into Octave Intelligence plc (~7,200 employees). Shareholders approved the distribution on 24 April 2026; it completed on 28 May 2026, with listings on Nasdaq Stockholm (SDRs) and Nasdaq New York. [Evidence] 789

What remains at Hexagon: Geosystems, Autonomous Solutions, Manufacturing Intelligence (metrology + production software), Robotics (including the AEON humanoid robot programme, with a Microsoft partnership announced at CES 2026). [Evidence] 1

Automotive Business

Hexagon does not report an automotive segment. Automotive shows up two ways: metrology (coordinate measuring machines, scanners and inspection software are standard equipment in automotive quality rooms and toolrooms), and — until February 2026 — simulation, where MSC/Digimat/ODYSSEE were sold heavily into automotive lightweighting and crash. The 2025 year-end report notes weakness in European automotive markets affecting MI. [Evidence] 1 [Synthesis]

Engineering Business

Two eras must be kept apart. Until February 2026: MI contained a full CAE stack (MSC Nastran, Adams, Marc, Apex, Cradle CFD, Simufact, Digimat, ODYSSEE) alongside metrology and production software. From February 2026: the CAE stack is gone; MI is metrology (PC-DMIS, Geomagic, sensors) plus production software (VISI, EDGECAM, NCSIMUL, WORKNC and the Mould & Die offering). [Evidence] 12422 [Synthesis]

Role in Automotive Moulded Parts Workflow

Assessed for Hexagon as it exists in August 2026, with the pre-sale position in brackets where it differed.

Workflow Stage Relevant? Notes
Requirements No Never a PLM/requirements vendor (ETQ quality mgmt went to Octave)
Industrial Design No —
Concept Design No —
CAD Modelling Partial No mainstream part CAD; VISI does tooling CAD; Geomagic does scan-to-CAD
Engineering Review No —
Simulation No (was: strong) MSC solver suite sold to Cadence Feb 2026
DFM Partial — rules VISI mould-design checks and flow "preventative analysis" — classical, not AI
Tool Design Yes — core VISI Mould, electrode design, Mould & Die suite
Mould Flow Partial — classical VISI Flow: filling, warpage, shrinkage, weld lines, gate position — a toolmaker-grade solver, not a Moldflow-class market leader; no AI
Prototype Partial Metrology of first-off parts
Validation Yes — core CMMs, scanners, PC-DMIS: measured part vs CAD
Manufacturing Engineering Yes CAM (EDGECAM, WORKNC, NCSIMUL), machining of mould tools
Production Release Partial Statistical process control and quality data (Q-DAS heritage)

[Evidence] 222326 [Synthesis]

What made Hexagon structurally different (until 2026): it never owned a mainstream injection-moulding solver, but it owned the two best complements to one — the material-modelling bridge (Digimat) and a genuine ML surrogate engine (ODYSSEE) — plus the physical measurement loop at the end. The Cadence sale removed the first two and left the third. [Synthesis]

AI Strategy

Public AI Vision

Hexagon's long-running pitch was "putting data to work" across sensors and software, with MI framing its portfolio as using "data from design and engineering, production and metrology to make manufacturing smarter." [Evidence + Marketing] 17 Post-break-up, the group's visible AI bets are robotics (the AEON humanoid, Microsoft partnership at CES 2026) and AI-enabled quality/asset analytics (the IconPro acquisition, Q4 2025, described as "intelligent, AI-enabled asset management as a service"). [Evidence] 1

Investor Statements

  • CEO Anders Svensson, Q4 2025 report: highlights strong Autonomous Solutions growth, the D&E sale "progressing according to plan," AEON customer pilots, and a new decentralised operating model (17 P&Ls). [Evidence] 1
  • Cadence CEO Anirudh Devgan on the acquisition: it expands "Intelligent System Design to encompass the full spectrum of physical behavior." Cadence marketed the deal under a "Physical AI" banner. [Evidence + Marketing] 36

Engineering AI Strategy

While it owned the CAE stack, Hexagon's real machine-learning work was concentrated in one place: ODYSSEE — reduced-order models plus ML trained on small batches of simulations or test data, embedded as an engine ("Quasar") into other products (Cradle scFLOW, MSC Nastran, Marc, Adams, Digimat-RP). This was a deliberate "AI as a layer over solvers" strategy, the mirror image of Dassault's "solver-owning" position. [Evidence] 17 [Synthesis]

Timeline of AI Evolution

Date Event
Sep 2012 MSC Software acquires e-Xstream engineering (Digimat)13
Apr 2017 Hexagon completes MSC Software acquisition (~$834m)12
Jun 2019 AMendate acquired → becomes MSC Apex Generative Design28
Apr 1, 2021 Hexagon acquires CADLM (ODYSSEE AI/ML CAE platform)14
Jun 21, 2022 Nexus open manufacturing platform announced16
2023 ODYSSEE brochure documents Quasar integrations incl. Digimat-RP 2023.2 UQ plugin17
Nov 2024 CEO Guglielmini departs; interim leadership10
Jan–Jul 2025 Anders Svensson announced (Jan), takes office (Jul 20)1011
Apr 2025 Geomagic (scan-to-CAD) acquired from 3D Systems, $123m15
Mid-2025 Spin-off name "Octave" unveiled7
Sep 2, 2025 D&E business (MSC, Digimat, ODYSSEE) sale to Cadence announced, €2.7bn23
Q4 2025 IconPro acquired (AI quality/asset analytics); PC-DMIS 2025.x ships AI Feature Scan125
Feb 23, 2026 Cadence completes the acquisition4
May 28, 2026 Octave distribution completed; Octave lists in Stockholm and New York8

Products Relevant to Engineering

Digimat (now Cadence) — multi-scale material modelling for plastics and composites. Its core is mean-field homogenization: computing the anisotropic (direction-dependent) behaviour of a fibre-filled plastic from the properties of polymer and fibre plus the local fibre orientation. Modules include Digimat-MF (mean-field), -FE (micro finite element), -RP (Reinforced Plastics workflow), -CAE (interfaces). The key workflow: read the fibre-orientation field from an injection simulation (Moldflow, Moldex3D), assign a per-element anisotropic material model, and feed structural FEA (Nastran, Abaqus, LS-DYNA…). This is physics, not machine learning — its value is accuracy, not learning. [Evidence] 192021

ODYSSEE (now Cadence) — the genuine ML platform. Components per Hexagon's own 2023 brochure: ODYSSEE CAE (ML + reduced-order modelling + optimisation; "with minimal prior simulations… quickly generate accurate results and full-time history outputs"), ODYSSEE A-Eye (image/CAD-based learning), ODYSSEE Solver (the Quasar AI engine + Nova optimiser), ODYSSEE Explore (data analysis). Hexagon claimed it works with "about 10% of the data typically needed for traditional ML." [Evidence; the 10% figure is vendor-stated — Marketing] 17

MSC solver suite (now Cadence) — Nastran (structures), Marc (nonlinear), Adams (multibody), Cradle CFD, Simufact, Actran. Quasar was integrated into several of these for surrogate/sub-model prediction. [Evidence] 17

MSC Apex Generative Design (now Cadence) — topology optimization productised from the AMendate acquisition, aimed at additive manufacturing ("up to 80% productivity improvement vs classic topology optimization"). This is classical optimization wearing a generative label39; and its organic outputs are generally unmouldable without redesign. [Evidence + Marketing] 28

VISI + Hexagon Mould & Die (retained) — CAD/CAE/CAM for mould and die makers: tool design, parting lines, electrodes, multi-axis machining, and VISI Flow — an in-suite injection simulation covering filling, packing, cooling, shrinkage, warpage, weld lines, air traps and gate-position guidance. Reseller documentation describes it as a "prediction tool ideal for pre and post production analysis." Classical numerical simulation; no AI claims found. [Evidence — partly reseller-sourced]222324

PC-DMIS + metrology (retained) — the world's most widely used CMM inspection software family. 2025 releases added an AI-powered Feature Scan utility (an overview camera identifies and measures features automatically on the ATS800 tracker) and PC-DMIS FUSION (real-time metrology insights and SPC analysis). A Nexus app, Metrology Mentor, generates measurement routines from CAD with automatic strategy selection and collision-free paths. [Evidence + Marketing] 252726

Geomagic (retained, acquired April 2025) — scan-to-CAD and inspection software; relevant to digitising worn tools and reverse-engineering legacy moulded parts. [Evidence] 15

AI Capabilities

1. ODYSSEE CAE surrogate modelling. Train on a small set of full simulations (design-of-experiments), then predict new variants in real time, including full time-history curves — the standard surrogate/ROM pattern, and genuine ML by this study's test (it learns from data). Workflow stage: simulation. Limitation: accuracy depends entirely on the training design space; and it is solver- agnostic, i.e. nothing about it is moulding-specific. Sold to Cadence. [Evidence] 17

2. ODYSSEE Quasar inside Digimat-RP 2023.2 — the report's central exhibit. Hexagon's own brochure: "Reliable design for reinforced plastics delivered in a plugin for Digimat-RP 2023.2, to perform Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) based analysis using ODYSSEE Quasar as the AI brain." In plain terms: the tool that takes moulding-simulation fibre orientation into structural analysis gained an ML engine to quantify how uncertainty (in material, microstructure, process outcome) propagates into part performance — without brute-force re-simulation. This is the most concrete documented case in this study of genuine ML operating directly downstream of injection-moulding simulation data. Limitation: it is downstream — the moulding simulation itself is untouched; no accuracy figures or named users of the plugin were found. Sold to Cadence. [Evidence] 17

3. ODYSSEE A-Eye. Image- and CAD-based learning to predict responses/field data. Limitation: marketing-level description; no moulding use case found. [Evidence — thin] 17

4. Crash surrogates (automotive). Autoliv: "ODYSSEE software is a real breakthrough…" (Bengt Pipkorn, Director Simulation, Autoliv Research — quoted in Hexagon's brochure). Partner material reports Autoliv crash predictions in ~3% of full-FEM time and Faurecia cutting seat-crash simulation time by ~97%. Limitation: the quantified numbers are partner/reseller-reported, not primary. [Evidence — quote primary; numbers secondary] 173233

5. PC-DMIS AI Feature Scan (2025). Camera-based automatic feature identification and measurement — a bona-fide computer-vision application, shipped. Limitation: metrology-generic, not plastics-specific. [Evidence] 25

6. Metrology Mentor (Nexus). Automated generation of PC-DMIS measurement routines from CAD. Described as automation with intelligent strategy selection; whether any learned model is involved is not disclosed. [Evidence — thin] 26

7. IconPro (acquired Q4 2025). "Intelligent, AI-enabled asset management as a service" for MI's customer base — an AI-analytics bolt-on for quality/maintenance data. Limitation: one line in the year-end report; no product detail yet. [Evidence — thin] 1

8. MSC Apex Generative Design. Topology optimization for additive manufacturing. Not AI by this study's test — it computes from equations; see the concept note39. Sold to Cadence. [Evidence + Marketing] 28

9. Digimat itself. Micromechanics — physics-based, deterministic. Its "virtual material twin" framing is marketing on top of validated homogenization theory, not learning. [Evidence + Marketing] 19

What was not found: any ML surrogate of an injection fill/pack/warp simulation; any AI-based DFM check; any learning loop from measured moulded-part quality back into design or simulation — from Hexagon or from the sold businesses. [Evidence of absence]

Engineering Workflow Contribution

The pre-2026 chain (historical, now split across two companies):

part CAD (elsewhere: CATIA/NX…) → moulding simulation (elsewhere: Moldflow / Moldex3D) → Digimat maps fibre orientation into an anisotropic material model → MSC Nastran / Marc structural, noise, vibration and harshness (NVH), crash analysis → ODYSSEE surrogates accelerate design-space exploration and UQ → tool design & machining in VISI / CAM → moulding → Hexagon metrology measures the part against CAD → SPC.

Hexagon never owned the part-CAD or the mainstream moulding solver; its position was the connective tissue on both sides of them. After February 2026 the chain breaks at the simulation stages: Hexagon keeps only the tooling (VISI) and measurement (metrology) ends. [Synthesis] 201722

Public Customer Evidence

Case Studies

  • Ford Motor Company — Digimat for powertrain NVH (published 9 January 2019). Glass-fibre-reinforced plastic engine oil pan and engine bracket; fibre-orientation distributions mapped onto MSC Nastran meshes; "significant improvement" in identifying frequencies and acceleration peaks vs the usual isotropic method; Ford's Mario Felice quoted on damping tuning and lightweighting. The moulding simulation source (Moldflow vs Moldex3D) is not stated. The strongest named automotive moulded-plastics case found — but it is physics (Digimat), not AI, and it pre-dates the AI era of this study. [Evidence] 29
  • DOMO Chemicals (2022). DOMO's service hub cites integrative-simulation expertise with Digimat for its TECHNYL PA66-GF materials — evidence that material suppliers maintain Digimat cards for automotive glass-fibre polyamides. [Evidence] 30
  • Trinseo.42 Material grades included in Digimat for automotive lightweighting (undated MSC page; treat as historical). [Evidence — undated, thin] 31
  • Autoliv (crash, ODYSSEE). Primary-source quote in Hexagon's brochure; time-reduction figures (47-hour FEM runs predicted on a laptop) appear only in partner material. [Evidence — mixed] 1732
  • Faurecia (seat crash, ODYSSEE). ">97% simulation-time reduction" — now upgraded to vendor-primary (2026-08-02): a Hexagon-branded case-study PDF (© 2021 Hexagon) documents the Faurecia Brières Tech Center deployment in full — ROMs trained on 60 FEA runs each; front crash 1 min vs 11 h (<1 mm deviation), seatbelt anchorage 27 min vs 10 h, rear crash 1 h vs 14 h; named engineer Steeve Lainé (see the Forvia report §5). [Evidence — vendor-primary] 33
  • Metrology on moulded plastics. Hexagon's resource library lists a "3D quality control of plastic parts" case (Wirthwein AG40, an automotive plastics supplier, per search extracts) and TechValidate entries (e.g. Modern Polymers41, >40% productivity gain with a ROMER arm). The pages could not be fetched directly; treat details as unverified (see Appendix C). [Evidence — thin] 3435

Conference Demonstrations

NAFEMS DACH conference material (the ODYSSEE brochure cited throughout) and Hexagon/ partner webinars ("AI for Engineers: Accelerate Simulation with ODYSSEE," 2025). [Evidence] 1737

White Papers / Testimonials

Hexagon's "Moulding the future" e-book (mould & die focus) exists in its resource library but was not retrievable for verification. [Evidence — existence only] 36

The gap. No public story was found combining Hexagon AI + injection moulding + a quantified outcome. The AI evidence is crash/structures (ODYSSEE) and metrology (vision); the moulded-parts evidence is physics (Digimat) and classical tooling software (VISI). [Evidence of absence]

Technical Architecture (Inferred)

What the sources establish

  • Quasar as an embeddable engine. Hexagon's brochure names Quasar integrations: Cradle scFLOW (auto-generated surrogates), MSC Nastran ("smart sub-modelling"), Marc, Adams (via FMU export — a co-simulation packaging standard), Digimat-RP (UQ plugin). [Evidence] 17
  • Small-data ROM approach. Marketing stresses ~10% of the data of "traditional ML" — consistent with classic reduced-order-model + interpolation/regression methods rather than deep learning. [Evidence + Marketing] 17
  • Nexus as the cloud delivery layer for MI apps (launched June 2022), including an ODYSSEE offering while it was Hexagon's. [Evidence] 16

Putting it together

Hexagon's architecture was the opposite of a platform monolith: a portfolio of acquired solvers with a lightweight ML engine (Quasar) injected into each, and a cloud layer (Nexus) stitching them together. The moulded-parts data path ran through third-party solvers (Moldflow/Moldex3D) via Digimat's file-level coupling (e.g. fibre-orientation files) — a bridge architecture, not an integrated one. [Synthesis] 20

Reading between the lines

ODYSSEE's methods (ROM, kriging-like interpolation, data mining) are engineer-friendly precisely because they are small-scale and deterministic to operate — but that also means no large learned "foundation" asset existed to retain; the value walked out the door with the product and its team in the Cadence sale. [Inference]

AI Technologies

In one list, tagged by this study's honest test: reduced-order-model surrogates + ML regression (ODYSSEE — genuine ML; sold); computer vision (PC-DMIS AI Feature Scan — genuine, narrow; retained); AI quality analytics (IconPro — genuine intent, unproven; retained); topology optimization (Apex Generative Design — classical optimization, [Marketing] 39; sold); micromechanics material modelling (Digimat — physics, not AI; sold); classical mould-flow (VISI Flow — physics; retained); no LLM, agent, or knowledge-graph products were found under Hexagon MI. [Synthesis] [Evidence of absence]

Research Publications

Papers

e-Xstream/Digimat has a long academic trail (it is a UCLouvain spin-off), and CADLM published on ROM/ML for crash before acquisition; no 2023–26 Hexagon-authored paper applying ML to injection moulding was found in this research. [Evidence of absence — search-limited]

Patents

Not systematically searched for this report; no headline AI patent comparable to Dassault's CAD-ML patents surfaced in the searches performed. [Evidence of absence — search-limited]

Standards

Hexagon participates in metrology standards ecosystems (e.g. dimensional measurement interoperability) as a matter of course; not AI-relevant. [Inference]

Open Source

Near-nil for AI — same pattern as Dassault. [Evidence of absence]

Searches for a Hexagon MI open-source AI footprint (GitHub organisations, Hugging Face models or datasets) returned nothing attributable to Hexagon Manufacturing Intelligence. The only "hexagon" ML repositories found relate to Qualcomm's Hexagon DSP — a name collision, not the company. ODYSSEE, Digimat and the metrology AI features are all closed commercial products. [Evidence of absence] 38

Engineering Service / Platform Mapping

Hexagon tools are multi-CAD by necessity — they never owned a mainstream part-CAD platform. Digimat interfaced with Moldflow (Autodesk), Moldex3D (CoreTech), and structural solvers from MSC, Dassault (Abaqus) and Ansys (LS-DYNA); VISI imports CATIA/NX/STEP tooling data; PC-DMIS consumes CAD from all major systems; Nexus was the in-house cloud layer. For a CATIA-based moulded-parts organisation (this study's context), Hexagon was never the authoring platform — it was measurement plus, formerly, the simulation layer. [Synthesis] 202226

Engineering Intelligence Stack Mapping

How Hexagon (August 2026) maps onto the study's five-layer intelligence stack:

  1. Intent — absent. No requirements or intent-capture products remain (ETQ went to Octave). [Evidence of absence]
  2. Knowledge — weak. Metrology archives and SPC databases (Q-DAS heritage) hold decades of measured-part data, but no product turns that into reusable engineering knowledge. [Synthesis]
  3. Reasoning — largely departed. The surrogate/UQ reasoning layer (ODYSSEE) and material-model reasoning (Digimat) are Cadence's now. What remains is VISI Flow's classical simulation. [Evidence] 4
  4. Execution — solid but conventional: tooling CAD/CAM and automated inspection programming (Metrology Mentor). [Evidence] 2226
  5. Feedback — Hexagon's distinctive remaining asset. It owns the physical measurement loop: measured part vs simulated/CAD part, at scale, in most automotive quality rooms. PC-DMIS FUSION (real-time SPC insight) and IconPro point at making this loop intelligent — but today no shipped product closes the loop back into design or moulding-simulation decisions. The opportunity is visible; the product is not. [Evidence] 271 [Inference]

Strengths

  • The metrology feedback loop — market-leading measurement hardware/software; the only vendor in this study set that owns the "as-built vs as-designed" data for moulded parts at industrial scale. [Evidence + Marketing] 26
  • VISI: a deep, toolmaker-focused mould & die suite with its own classical flow analysis — practical DFM-adjacent capability for tool shops. [Evidence] 2223
  • Demonstrated (former) ML pedigree: ODYSSEE was genuine, engineer-usable ML, and the Digimat-RP Quasar plugin proved the layer could reach the reinforced-plastics workflow. [Evidence] 17
  • Shipped, non-hype AI in metrology (Feature Scan) — narrow but real. [Evidence] 25

Weaknesses

  • It sold the crown jewels. Everything that made Hexagon interesting as an AI-around-moulding vendor — Digimat, ODYSSEE, the MSC solvers — belongs to Cadence since 23 February 2026. [Evidence] 4
  • Even before the sale, the ML never reached the moulding simulation itself — only its structural downstream. [Evidence of absence]
  • Corporate turbulence: three CEOs in three years, a spin-off and a major divestment — strategy continuity risk for remaining MI products. [Evidence] 108 [Inference]
  • VISI Flow is respectable tool-shop software but not a Moldflow/Moldex3D-class validated solver ecosystem; its evidence base is largely reseller pages. [Inference] 23
  • No LLM/agent story at all in what remains of MI. [Evidence of absence]

Current Gaps (largely manual today)

For the Hexagon that remains: interpreting measurement results against design intent is manual; there is no product that learns from accumulated CMM/SPC data to predict moulding defects or drive tool corrections; mould-tool correction loops (measure → recut) remain craft; VISI Flow result interpretation is human and rules-based. [Synthesis] [Inference]

Future Direction

  • Hexagon: focus on sensors, metrology, autonomy and robotics (AEON humanoid, Microsoft partnership; Capital Markets Day 30 April 2026). AI investment flows to robotics and quality analytics (IconPro), not CAE. [Evidence] 1
  • The moulding-relevant assets' future is now a Cadence question. Cadence frames the acquisition as "Physical AI" and multiphysics expansion (on top of Beta CAE, 2024). Whether ODYSSEE's ML deepens toward process simulation under Cadence is outside this report's subject but worth tracking for the study. [Evidence + Marketing] 4 [Inference]
  • Watch item: whether Hexagon builds a data-driven quality feedback product on its metrology installed base — the one AI opportunity uniquely its own. [Inference]

Relevance to Automotive Moulded Parts

Capability Strength Notes
Plastic Part Design None Never offered part CAD
Surface Design (Class A) None —
CAD Automation Weak Tooling CAD only (VISI); Geomagic scan-to-CAD
DFM Partial — rules VISI Flow "preventative analysis" (gates, weld lines, warpage) — classical
Tool Design Strong VISI Mould, electrodes, Mould & Die suite, CAM chain
Mould Flow Partial — classical VISI Flow (toolmaker-grade); no AI; the heavyweight coupling (Digimat↔Moldflow/Moldex3D) is now Cadence's
Manufacturing Engineering Strong CAM, machine simulation for mould tools
Quality Strongest CMMs, scanners, PC-DMIS, SPC — the measured-part feedback loop
Engineering Knowledge Reuse Absent No retrieval/knowledge product over past parts or measurements

Critical finding. Between 2021 and early 2026, Hexagon held the best-documented case among the platform vendors studied of genuine machine learning adjacent to the injection-moulding domain: ODYSSEE's Quasar engine, shipped as a UQ plugin inside Digimat-RP 2023.2, operating directly on the reinforced-plastics workflow that consumes moulding-simulation output. Even then, the ML stopped one step short of the moulding simulation itself — fill, pack, warp remained purely physics, in other vendors' solvers. And since 23 February 2026 the entire layer is Cadence's, not Hexagon's. For this study, "Hexagon" today means: classical tooling software plus the industry's measurement feedback loop — with the AI-for-moulding potential sold off just as it was becoming interesting. [Evidence] 174 [Synthesis]

Key Takeaways

  1. Hexagon's role in moulded parts was a layer around other vendors' moulding solvers — material modelling (Digimat), ML surrogates (ODYSSEE), tooling (VISI), measurement (metrology) — never the solver itself. [Synthesis]
  2. ODYSSEE was genuine ML (small-data ROM surrogates), and its Quasar engine demonstrably reached the reinforced-plastics workflow via the Digimat-RP 2023.2 UQ plugin — the study's best documented "real ML next to moulding" case. [Evidence] 17
  3. Even so, no ML touched fill/pack/warp simulation itself — the moulding physics stayed classical, in Moldflow/Moldex3D. [Evidence of absence]
  4. The layer no longer belongs to Hexagon: Cadence bought the Design & Engineering business (€2.7bn; completed 23 Feb 2026). [Evidence] 4
  5. Hexagon also spun off Octave (ALI, SIG, ETQ, Bricsys; completed 28 May 2026) — the group is now sensors, metrology, production software, autonomy, robotics. [Evidence] 8
  6. What remains for moulded parts: VISI (classical mould & die CAD/CAM with its own toolmaker-grade flow analysis — a partial correction to the note that Hexagon has no mould-flow capability) and metrology. [Evidence] 2223
  7. Retained shipped AI is narrow: PC-DMIS AI Feature Scan, Metrology Mentor automation, and the IconPro analytics acquisition. [Evidence] 251
  8. Apex Generative Design is optimization, not AI — tagged per the concept note; and it went to Cadence anyway. [Evidence + Marketing] 2839
  9. Open-source AI footprint: near-nil. [Evidence of absence] 38
  10. The unique white space Hexagon still owns — and does not exploit — is the measured-part feedback loop (predicting and correcting moulding outcomes from metrology history). [Inference]

References

Primary Sources — Hexagon / Cadence

  • Hexagon Year-End Report FY2025 (PDF), Jan 2026 — https://api.alertir.com/files/press/hexagon/202601293553-1.pdf
  • Hexagon agrees sale of Design & Engineering business to Cadence (€2.7bn), Sep 2025 — https://hexagon.com/company/newsroom/press-releases/2025/hexagon-agrees-sale-of-design--engineering-business-to-cadence-for-27bn-eur
  • Cadence to Acquire Hexagon's Design & Engineering Business, Sep 2, 2025 — https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250902498199/en/Cadence-to-Acquire-Hexagons-Design-Engineering-Business-Accelerating-Expansion-in-Physical-AI-and-System-Design-and-Analysis
  • Cadence Completes Acquisition of Hexagon's Design and Engineering Business, Feb 23, 2026 — https://www.cadence.com/en_US/home/company/newsroom/press-releases/pr/2026/cadence-completes-acquisition-of-hexagons-design-and-engineering.html
  • Octave unveiled (spin-off name), 2025 — https://hexagon.com/company/newsroom/press-releases/2025/octave-unveiledhexagon-reveals-name-for-potential-2026-company-spin-off
  • Separation of Octave (investor page) — https://investors.hexagon.com/share-information/octave-separation
  • Octave Intelligence Form 10 information statement (SEC) — https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2083632/000162828026027570/exhibit991-form10x12ba3.htm
  • Anders Svensson appointed President & CEO, Jan 20, 2025 — https://hexagon.com/company/newsroom/press-releases/2025/anders-svensson-appointed-as-new-president-and-ceo-of-hexagon
  • Hexagon welcomes Anders Svensson, Jul 2025 — https://hexagon.com/company/newsroom/press-releases/2025/hexagon-welcomes-new-president-and-ceo-anders-svensson
  • Hexagon to acquire MSC Software, Feb 2017 — https://hexagon.com/company/newsroom/press-releases/2017/hexagon-acquire-msc-software
  • Completion of MSC acquisition, Apr 2017 — https://hexagon.com/company/newsroom/press-releases/2017/hexagons-acquisition-msc-software
  • Hexagon acquisition of CADLM (ODYSSEE), Apr 1, 2021 — https://news.cision.com/hexagon/r/hexagon-enhances-its-smart-manufacturing-autonomous-and-digital-twin-capabilities-with-the-acquisiti,c3318795
  • MSC Software acquires e-Xstream (UCL spin-off), Sep 2012 — https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/msc-software-acquires-ucl-spin-off-e-xstream-171747101.html
  • Hexagon completes Geomagic + Septentrio acquisitions, Apr 2025 — https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/hexagon-completes-the-acquisitions-of-the-geomagic-software-suite-and-septentrio-nv-302418070.html
  • Nexus platform announcement, Jun 21, 2022 — https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/hexagon-announces-nexus-a-platform-to-connect-siloed-engineering-and-unlock-smart-manufacturing-innovation-301574478.html
  • ODYSSEE brochure (Hexagon MI, © 2023; hosted by NAFEMS) — https://www.nafems.org/downloads/dropbox/nologin/nrc24_dach/hexagon/hexagon-mi_odyssee_brochure.pdf
  • ODYSSEE product page (now Cadence) — https://www.cadence.com/en_US/home/tools/msc-software/odyssee.html
  • Digimat product page (now Cadence) — https://www.cadence.com/en_US/home/tools/msc-software/digimat.html
  • VISI product page — https://hexagon.com/products/product-groups/computer-aided-manufacturing-cad-cam-software/visi
  • Hexagon Mould and Die suite — https://hexagon.com/products/product-groups/computer-aided-manufacturing-cad-cam-software/hexagon-mould-and-die
  • PC-DMIS 2025.1 — https://hexagon.com/products/product-groups/measurement-inspection-software/metrology-software/pc-dmis/pc-dmis-2025-1
  • PC-DMIS product family — https://hexagon.com/products/product-groups/measurement-inspection-software/metrology-software/pc-dmis
  • "Moulding the future" resource (not retrievable) — https://hexagon.com/resources/resource-library/moulding-the-future
  • "3D Quality Control of Plastic Parts" resource (not retrievable) — https://hexagon.com/resources/resource-library/3d-quality-control-plastic-parts

Customer / Partner Evidence

  • Ford + Digimat NVH (MSC blog), Jan 9, 2019 — https://simulatemore.mscsoftware.com/ford-motor-company-uses-digimat-for-nvh-optimization/
  • DOMO Service Hub (Technyl PA66-GF, Digimat), Jul 2022 — https://www.ai-online.com/2022/07/domo-service-hub/
  • Trinseo grades in Digimat (MSC, undated) — https://www.mscsoftware.com/node/5105
  • Moldex3D Digimat-MS integration — https://www.moldex3d.com/products/software/moldex3d/solution-add-on/digimat-ms/
  • Moldex3D blog: Digimat-RP for reinforced plastics — https://www.moldex3d.com/blog/tips-and-tricks/moldex3d-digimat-rp-helps-better-capture-non-linear-and-anisotropic-material-behavior-of-reinforced-plastics/
  • SIMTEQ (Hexagon/MSC partner): ML & AI for CAE (Autoliv numbers) — https://simteq.co.za/blog/machine-learning-and-artificial-intelligence-ai-for-cae/
  • Generalety (partner): ODYSSEE CAE (Faurecia figure) — https://generalety.com/portfolio/odyssee-cae/
  • TechValidate Hexagon MI case studies — https://www.techvalidate.com/product-research/manufacturing-intelligence/case-studies

Secondary Sources

  • engineering.com: "Cadence to buy Hexagon's design and engineering business for $3.17 billion" — https://www.engineering.com/cadence-to-buy-hexagons-design-and-engineering-business-for-3-17-billion/
  • HPCwire: Cadence completes acquisition — https://www.hpcwire.com/off-the-wire/cadence-completes-acquisition-of-hexagons-design-and-engineering-business/
  • engineering.com: Hexagon appoints Anders Svensson — https://www.engineering.com/hexagon-appoints-anders-svensson-as-president-and-ceo/
  • Metal AM: MSC Apex Generative Design — https://www.metal-am.com/msc-new-generative-am-design-solution/
  • engineering.com: "MSC Joins the Generative Design Parade" — https://www.engineering.com/msc-joins-the-generative-design-parade/
  • Metrology News: PC-DMIS FUSION launch — https://metrology.news/hexagon-launches-pc-dmis-fusion-to-deliver-real-time-metrology-insights-and-spc-analysis/
  • Digital Engineering 24/7: Hexagon Launches Mould and Die Suite — https://www.digitalengineering247.com/article/hexagon-launches-mould-and-die-suite/cam
  • VISI Flow (reseller descriptions) — https://www.dreambird.eu/solutions/visi/visi-flow/ ; https://www.jement.com/plastic-flow-analysis.html
  • engineering.com: "AI-based Simulation Is Awesome… Hexagon's acquisition of CADLM" — https://www.engineering.com/ai-based-simulation-is-awesome-proven-by-hexagon-abs-big-acquisition-of-cadlm/

Videos

  • "AI for Engineers: Accelerate Simulation with Odyssee" (Hexagon & SIMTEQ, 2025) — https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jXX_QcXCCBI

Appendix A — Timeline

MSC buys e-Xstream/Digimat (Sep 2012) → Hexagon buys MSC, $834m (Apr 2017) → AMendate/generative design (Jun 2019) → CADLM/ODYSSEE (Apr 2021) → Nexus platform (Jun 2022) → Digimat-RP 2023.2 ships ODYSSEE Quasar UQ plugin (2023) → CEO churn: Guglielmini out (Nov 2024), Svensson in (Jul 2025) → Geomagic acquired (Apr 2025) → Octave name unveiled (mid-2025) → D&E sale to Cadence announced (Sep 2, 2025) → IconPro acquired; PC-DMIS AI Feature Scan ships (Q4 2025) → Cadence deal completes (Feb 23, 2026) → Octave distribution completes (May 28, 2026).

Appendix B — Glossary

  • Manufacturing Intelligence (MI) — Hexagon's division for metrology and production software (formerly also simulation).
  • Design & Engineering (D&E) — the simulation business (MSC et al.) sold to Cadence in February 2026.
  • Digimat — material-modelling software computing the direction-dependent behaviour of fibre-filled plastics from microstructure; modules MF/FE/RP/CAE.
  • Fibre orientation — the local alignment of glass/carbon fibres set by melt flow during moulding; it makes the part's stiffness direction-dependent.
  • Mean-field homogenization — the physics method Digimat uses to average fibre and polymer properties into one anisotropic material law per element.
  • ODYSSEE — machine-learning/reduced-order-model platform (CAE, A-Eye, Solver, Explore); its AI engine is Quasar, its optimiser Nova.
  • Reduced-order model (ROM) — a compact mathematical stand-in for a full simulation, trained on a set of full runs, evaluated near-instantly.
  • Surrogate model — general term for a model (often ML) trained to imitate an expensive simulation.
  • Uncertainty quantification (UQ) — computing how input scatter (material, process) propagates into output scatter (part performance).
  • FMU — Functional Mock-up Unit; a packaging standard for exchanging simulation models between tools.
  • VISI / VISI Flow — Hexagon's mould-and-die CAD/CAM suite; Flow is its classical injection filling/warpage analysis.
  • PC-DMIS — Hexagon's widely used CMM inspection software; CMM = coordinate measuring machine.
  • SPC — statistical process control; monitoring production via measurement statistics.
  • Octave Intelligence plc — the software group (ALI, SIG, ETQ, Bricsys) spun off from Hexagon in May 2026.
  • DFM — design for manufacturability: checking a design against the rules that make it mouldable (draft angles, wall thickness, undercuts…).

Appendix C — Notes (thinnest-evidence areas to revisit)

  1. RESOLVED 2026-08-02: exact D&E product perimeter confirmed. Hexagon's own MI software-license schedule (hexagon.com/legal/agreements/mi) lists every transferred product by name (Actran, Adams, CAEfatigue, Cradle CFD, Digimat, Dytran, Easy5, FTI FormingSuite, Marc, MaterialCenter, MSC Apex, MSC CoSim, MSC Nastran, ODYSSEE, Patran, Romax, SimDesigner, SimManager, Simufact, SimXpert, VTD); Cadence 8-K confirms close 23 Feb 2026 (3,224,473 shares to Hexagon Smart Solutions AB). §1 updated with the list.
  2. CADLM acquisition date discrepancy: Hexagon's press release is dated 2021 (April 1); engineering.com's deal coverage says "CADLM (2020)". This report uses the primary 2021 date.
  3. ODYSSEE quantified customer numbers: Autoliv ~3% of FEM time remains partner/reseller-reported. Faurecia >97% RESOLVED 2026-08-02 — a Hexagon-primary © 2021 case-study PDF with full figures and a named Faurecia engineer was located during the Forvia report research (§7 updated).
  4. No ODYSSEE-on-mould-flow case — a deliberate negative finding; re-check under Cadence ownership in future editions (the capability is plausible, the evidence absent).
  5. Named users of the Digimat-RP 2023.2 Quasar UQ plugin: none found.
  6. Metrology-on-plastics cases (Wirthwein AG; Modern Polymers >40%) come from search extracts of pages that returned HTTP 403; details unverified.
  7. "Moulding the future" e-book and the Hexagon Mould & Die suite launch page were not retrievable (403); suite composition is from search extracts and secondary coverage.
  8. Metrology Mentor: whether it contains learned models or pure automation is undisclosed.
  9. Q-DAS branding/status post-restructuring not re-verified; SPC capability is referred to as "heritage."
  10. FY2025 reporting basis: group figures include Octave and D&E (both still consolidated during 2025). MI division revenue was only found for Q4 2025 (€491.3m) and is not used in the body — treat divisional revenue as thin. Confirm restated continuing-operations figures when Hexagon reports H1 2026.
  11. Ola Rollén → Guglielmini transition dates stated from general knowledge and secondary coverage; verify before quoting precisely.

Executive Summary

  • Who they are. Hexagon AB is a Swedish measurement-technology and software group (Nasdaq Stockholm: HEXA B). Full-year 2025 operating net sales were €5.43 billion with a 27.2% adjusted operating margin. Its Manufacturing Intelligence (MI) division combines metrology hardware and software with production software. [Evidence] 1
  • Why they mattered for moulded parts. For a decade Hexagon assembled a unique layer around moulding simulation: Digimat (material modelling for fibre-reinforced plastics, from the e-Xstream/MSC lineage) maps fibre-orientation results from Moldflow or Moldex3D into structural simulation, and ODYSSEE (from the 2021 CADLM acquisition) is a genuine machine-learning surrogate-modelling platform. Hexagon also owns VISI, a mould-and-die CAD/CAM suite for toolmakers that includes its own classical mould-flow analysis (VISI Flow), plus the metrology stack that measures the finished part. [Evidence] 131422
  • The single most important fact — and it is corporate, not technical. In 2025–26 Hexagon dismantled itself. It sold its entire Design & Engineering (simulation) business — MSC Nastran, Adams, Marc, Digimat, ODYSSEE and the rest — to Cadence for €2.7 billion (announced 2 September 2025, completed 23 February 2026), and spun off its Asset Lifecycle Intelligence-centred software businesses as Octave Intelligence plc (distribution completed 28 May 2026). As of August 2026, the materials + ML layer this report was scoped to study no longer belongs to Hexagon — it belongs to Cadence. [Evidence] 248
  • The honest AI finding. ODYSSEE is real machine learning — reduced-order-model surrogates trained on small sets of simulations — and it demonstrably reached the reinforced-plastics workflow: a documented plugin in Digimat-RP 2023.2 uses the ODYSSEE Quasar engine for uncertainty quantification. That is the closest documented case of genuine ML sitting next to the injection-moulding toolchain found among the platform vendors in this study. But note the precise boundary: it touches the structural side that consumes moulding results (fibre orientation), not the mould-filling or warpage simulation itself. No public case of ODYSSEE building a surrogate of a mould-fill/warp simulation was found. [Evidence] 17 [Evidence of absence]
  • What is left at Hexagon today for moulded parts: VISI/mould-and-die tooling software (classical physics and rules), and metrology — the measurement feedback loop — where shipped AI is narrow but real (an AI-based feature-scan utility in PC-DMIS, automated measurement-routine generation). [Evidence] 2526

  1. Hexagon Year-End Report 1 Jan–31 Dec 2025 (PDF, published Jan 2026; CEO comments, financial headlines, D&E sale and Octave status, IconPro, AEON) — https://api.alertir.com/files/press/hexagon/202601293553-1.pdf ↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩

  2. Hexagon press release: sale of Design & Engineering business to Cadence for €2.7bn, Sep 2025 — https://hexagon.com/company/newsroom/press-releases/2025/hexagon-agrees-sale-of-design--engineering-business-to-cadence-for-27bn-eur ↩↩↩

  3. Cadence press release (Businesswire), Sep 2, 2025 — https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250902498199/en/Cadence-to-Acquire-Hexagons-Design-Engineering-Business-Accelerating-Expansion-in-Physical-AI-and-System-Design-and-Analysis ↩↩↩

  4. Cadence completes the acquisition, Feb 23, 2026 — https://www.cadence.com/en_US/home/company/newsroom/press-releases/pr/2026/cadence-completes-acquisition-of-hexagons-design-and-engineering.html ↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩

  5. Hexagon Manufacturing Intelligence software license schedule (named product list of the D&E perimeter; verified 2026-08-02) — https://hexagon.com/legal/agreements/mi; Cadence 8-K on completion (Feb 23 2026) via StockTitan — https://www.stocktitan.net/sec-filings/CDNS/8-k-cadence-design-systems-inc-reports-material-event-328ea5d3fcaa.html ↩

  6. engineering.com deal analysis (deal value US$3.17bn; perimeter incl. MSC 2017, AMendate 2019, Romax, CADLM, CAEfatigue; Devgan quote) — https://www.engineering.com/cadence-to-buy-hexagons-design-and-engineering-business-for-3-17-billion/ ↩↩

  7. "Octave unveiled" — Hexagon reveals spin-off name, 2025 — https://hexagon.com/company/newsroom/press-releases/2025/octave-unveiledhexagon-reveals-name-for-potential-2026-company-spin-off ↩↩

  8. Separation of Octave — Hexagon investor relations (AGM approval Apr 24, 2026; distribution completed May 28, 2026; Nasdaq Stockholm SDRs + Nasdaq New York) — https://investors.hexagon.com/share-information/octave-separation ↩↩↩↩↩

  9. Octave Intelligence Form 10 information statement (scope: ALI, SIG, ETQ, Bricsys; ~7,200 employees) — https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2083632/000162828026027570/exhibit991-form10x12ba3.htm ↩

  10. Anders Svensson appointed President & CEO (announced Jan 20, 2025; succeeding interim CEO Norbert Hanke, in place since Nov 2024) — https://hexagon.com/company/newsroom/press-releases/2025/anders-svensson-appointed-as-new-president-and-ceo-of-hexagon ↩↩↩↩

  11. Hexagon welcomes Anders Svensson (took office Jul 20, 2025) — https://hexagon.com/company/newsroom/press-releases/2025/hexagon-welcomes-new-president-and-ceo-anders-svensson ↩↩

  12. Hexagon to acquire MSC Software (~$834m), Feb 2017; completed Apr 2017 — https://hexagon.com/company/newsroom/press-releases/2017/hexagon-acquire-msc-software ↩↩

  13. MSC Software acquires UCL spin-off e-Xstream (Digimat), Sep 2012 — https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/msc-software-acquires-ucl-spin-off-e-xstream-171747101.html ↩↩

  14. Hexagon acquires CADLM (ODYSSEE; "AI and machine learning solutions since 2014"), Apr 1, 2021 — https://news.cision.com/hexagon/r/hexagon-enhances-its-smart-manufacturing-autonomous-and-digital-twin-capabilities-with-the-acquisiti,c3318795 ↩↩

  15. Hexagon completes Geomagic ($123m) and Septentrio acquisitions, Apr 2025 — https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/hexagon-completes-the-acquisitions-of-the-geomagic-software-suite-and-septentrio-nv-302418070.html ↩↩

  16. Hexagon announces Nexus platform, Jun 21, 2022 — https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/hexagon-announces-nexus-a-platform-to-connect-siloed-engineering-and-unlock-smart-manufacturing-innovation-301574478.html ↩↩

  17. Hexagon MI ODYSSEE brochure, © 2023 (components CAE / A-Eye / Solver-Quasar-Nova / Explore; "10% of the data"; Quasar integrations incl. "Reliable design for reinforced plastics delivered in a plugin for Digimat-RP 2023.2, to perform Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) based analysis using ODYSSEE Quasar as the AI brain"; Autoliv testimonial) — https://www.nafems.org/downloads/dropbox/nologin/nrc24_dach/hexagon/hexagon-mi_odyssee_brochure.pdf ↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩

  18. ODYSSEE product page, now hosted by Cadence — https://www.cadence.com/en_US/home/tools/msc-software/odyssee.html ↩

  19. Digimat product page, now hosted by Cadence — https://www.cadence.com/en_US/home/tools/msc-software/digimat.html ↩↩↩

  20. Moldex3D Digimat-MS: fibre orientation from moulding simulation → accurate anisotropic material model → structural FEA — https://www.moldex3d.com/products/software/moldex3d/solution-add-on/digimat-ms/ ↩↩↩↩

  21. Moldex3D blog: Digimat-RP captures non-linear anisotropic behaviour of reinforced plastics — https://www.moldex3d.com/blog/tips-and-tricks/moldex3d-digimat-rp-helps-better-capture-non-linear-and-anisotropic-material-behavior-of-reinforced-plastics/ ↩

  22. VISI (CAD/CAE/CAM for mould and die) — https://hexagon.com/products/product-groups/computer-aided-manufacturing-cad-cam-software/visi ↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩

  23. VISI Flow descriptions (filling, warpage, shrinkage, weld lines, air traps, gate position) — reseller pages: https://www.dreambird.eu/solutions/visi/visi-flow/ and https://www.jement.com/plastic-flow-analysis.html ↩↩↩↩↩

  24. Hexagon Mould and Die suite — https://hexagon.com/products/product-groups/computer-aided-manufacturing-cad-cam-software/hexagon-mould-and-die; launch coverage: https://www.digitalengineering247.com/article/hexagon-launches-mould-and-die-suite/cam ↩

  25. PC-DMIS 2025.1 (AI-powered Feature Scan with ATS800) — https://hexagon.com/products/product-groups/measurement-inspection-software/metrology-software/pc-dmis/pc-dmis-2025-1 ↩↩↩↩↩↩

  26. PC-DMIS product family (incl. Metrology Mentor / Nexus ecosystem) — https://hexagon.com/products/product-groups/measurement-inspection-software/metrology-software/pc-dmis ↩↩↩↩↩↩↩

  27. Metrology News: Hexagon launches PC-DMIS FUSION (real-time metrology insights and SPC analysis) — https://metrology.news/hexagon-launches-pc-dmis-fusion-to-deliver-real-time-metrology-insights-and-spc-analysis/ ↩↩

  28. MSC Apex Generative Design (AMendate lineage; "up to 80%" vs classic topology optimization) — https://www.metal-am.com/msc-new-generative-am-design-solution/; https://www.engineering.com/msc-joins-the-generative-design-parade/ ↩↩↩↩

  29. "Ford Motor Company uses Digimat for NVH optimization," MSC SimulateMore blog, Jan 9, 2019 — https://simulatemore.mscsoftware.com/ford-motor-company-uses-digimat-for-nvh-optimization/ ↩

  30. DOMO Service Hub (Digimat expertise for TECHNYL PA66-GF), AI-Online, Jul 2022 — https://www.ai-online.com/2022/07/domo-service-hub/ ↩

  31. Trinseo material grades in Digimat (MSC, undated) — https://www.mscsoftware.com/node/5105 ↩

  32. SIMTEQ Engineering (Hexagon/MSC partner): ML & AI for CAE — Autoliv crash surrogate figures — https://simteq.co.za/blog/machine-learning-and-artificial-intelligence-ai-for-cae/ ↩↩

  33. Hexagon case study PDF (© 2021 Hexagon), "Reduced order modeling of advanced versatile seats — Faurecia Brières Tech Center" — ROMs trained on 60 FEA runs; front crash 1 min vs 11 h (<1 mm), seatbelt anchorage 27 min vs 10 h, rear crash 1 h vs 14 h; quote by Steeve Lainé (located 2026-08-02, mirror at FeaturedCustomers) — https://cdn.featuredcustomers.com/CustomerCaseStudy.document/hexagon_mi_case_study_faurecia_a4_2021_web_1.pdf. Earlier secondary source: Generalety ODYSSEE CAE page — https://generalety.com/portfolio/odyssee-cae/ ↩↩

  34. Hexagon resource "3D Quality Control of Plastic Parts" (page returned 403; details from search extracts — unverified) — https://hexagon.com/resources/resource-library/3d-quality-control-plastic-parts ↩

  35. TechValidate Hexagon MI case studies (Modern Polymers ROMER arm figure; survey-based) — https://www.techvalidate.com/product-research/manufacturing-intelligence/case-studies ↩

  36. Hexagon resource "Moulding the future" (page returned 403; existence only) — https://hexagon.com/resources/resource-library/moulding-the-future ↩

  37. "AI for Engineers: Accelerate Simulation with Odyssee" — Hexagon & SIMTEQ, 2025 — https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jXX_QcXCCBI ↩

  38. What "optimization technology" means and why it is not generative AI — see the concept note What is Optimization technology: topology optimization computes shapes from physics equations in an iterative material-removal loop; it learns nothing from data, so it is classical optimization, not AI. ↩↩↩↩

  39. Wirthwein AG — Creglingen, Germany — https://www.wirthwein.de ↩

  40. Modern Polymers — Cherryville (NC), USA — https://www.modernpolymers.com ↩

  41. Trinseo — Wayne (PA), USA — https://www.trinseo.com ↩